Drugs
during Breast-feeding.
Dr. Sayeed Ahmad
D. I. Hom. (London)
THE BENEFITS OF BREAST-FEEDING
Perhaps the most important advantage to
breast-feeding is that breast milk provides an infant with significant
protection against chronic diseases such as allergies and asthma; and
infectious diseases including meningitis, diarrhea, ear infections, and
pneumonia. The immune components of breast milk constantly change to
meet the infant’s need to be protected against new infections. As the
infant’s own immune system grows more capable, the concentration of
antibodies and anti-infection agents in the milk gradually declines.
Breast-feeding also benefits the mother by reducing her risk of
developing ovarian cancer, pre-menopausal breast cancer, osteoporosis,
and hip fractures in later life.Breast-feeding facilitates bonding between a mother
and infant that is emotionally satisfying to both participants. The
mother develops nurturing behaviors. The infant, in turn, learns trust.During breast-feeding the following Allopathic Drugs
should be avoided since they have adverse effects both on the health of
the mother and the infant:
CAPTORIL.
This drug should not be taken by pregnant women, as
it can harm the fetus, especially in the second and third trimesters.
Breast-feeding women should be aware that captopril is known to appear
in breast milk. Captopril has not been proven safe for children.Possible side effects include itching, skin rash,
loss of taste, and extremely low blood pressure. Less common side
effects include blurred vision, confusion, light-headedness,
constipation, depression, fatigue, muscle pain or weakness, light
sensitivity, nausea, peptic ulcer, sleepiness, fainting, wheezing
stroke, or heart failure. A reaction that includes chest pain, sweating,
vomiting, diarrhea, or swelling of the arms, legs, mouth, or throat
(including difficulty swallowing) requires immediate medical attention.
Yellowing of the skin or eyes may indicate a liver problem, which also
requires immediate medical care.Although captopril may be prescribed in combination
with a diuretic or digitalis (found in the drug digoxin), it can react
adversely with these drugs. It also may react adversely with aspirin,
certain blood pressure medications such as beta blockers, lithium,
nitroglycerin, anti-inflammatory medications, and potassium supplements
(including salt substitutes that contain potassium).
CLARITHROMYCIN.
Clarithromycin has not been proven safe for children
under the age of 12 or for pregnant women. Breast-feeding mothers should
be aware that the drug may appear in breast milk.The drug’s side effects are usually minimal, but
may include nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, headache, or an altered sense
of taste. Severe diarrhea, sometimes caused by the drug’s effect on
the intestine, requires immediate medical attention.Clarithromycin may interact adversely with
blood-thinning drugs such as warfarin, as well as with the drugs
carbamazepine, theophylline, astemizole, digoxin, and phenytoin.
ERYTHROMYCIN.
Patients with liver disease should not take this
drug. It should be used with caution by patients with a history of
allergies, impaired kidney function, or abnormal heart rhythm. It is
generally safe for use during pregnancy (except in the form known as
erythromycin estolate); however, breast-feeding mothers should be aware
that this drug appears in breast milk.Possible side effects include abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting, loss of appetite, or diarrhea. Also seen are skin rash, hives,
eye irritation, yellowing of the eyes or skin, dizziness, rapid
heartbeat, or temporary hearing loss.Erythromycin can react adversely with a variety of
drugs. These include other antibiotics (including penicillin),
blood-thinners, carbamazepine, digoxin, lovastatin, phenytoin, and
theophylline. Erythromycin should never be combined with astemizole.
QUINAPRIL.
This drug should not be taken by pregnant women, as
it can harm the fetus, especially in the second and third trimesters.
Breast-feeding mothers should be aware that this drug is known to appear
in breast milk.Possible side effects include dizziness,
lightheadedness, fatigue, nausea, chest or abdominal pain, muscle pain,
coughing, or vomiting. An allergic reaction to this drug, characterized
by such symptoms as facial swelling and difficulty swallowing or
breathing, requires immediate medical attention, as does any sore throat
or fever that develops during treatment.Although quinapril may be prescribed in combination
with certain diuretics, it can react adversely with these drugs. It also
may react with lithium, tetracycline, cyclosporine, and potassium
supplements, including salt substitutes containing potassium. It should
not be combined with alcoholic beverages unless approved by a doctor.
VENLAFAXINE.
Its safety for pregnant or breast-feeding women is
not known.A variety of possible side effects are associated
with venlafaxine, including nausea, diarrhea, dry mouth, sweating,
dizziness, blurred vision, weight loss, sleepiness, or increased blood
pressure.Venlafaxine may have serious, sometimes fatal,
interactions with another group of antidepressants known as monoamine
oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. These drugs, such as phenelzine and
tranylcypromine, should be discontinued at least two weeks before
starting treatment with venlafaxine. Other drug groups that may have
adverse interactions with venlafaxine include tranquilizers, narcotic
pain relievers, sleep aids, and cimetidine.
TRIMETHOPRIM.
Patients with anemia, impaired liver or kidney
function, or folic acid deficiency should avoid this drug or use it with
caution. Pregnant or breast-feeding women should also avoid using this
drug.Possible side effects may include skin rash or
itching, headache, sore mouth, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea,
vomiting, abdominal cramps, or increased blood potassium. Some
infections can develop resistance to this drug and may require other
forms of treatment. Trimethoprim can interact adversely with amantadine,
cyclosporine, dapsone, phenytoin, procainamide, rifampin, and
cholestyramine.
TRIAMCINOLONE.
Its safety for pregnant or breast-feeding women has
not been adequately studied.This drug may interact adversely with bronchodilators
(both inhaled and tablet forms), warfarin, diabetes drugs (including
insulin), digoxin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and primidone. Treatment
with triamcinolone should not be stopped abruptly because it may trigger
a dangerous imbalance in the body’s endocrine system.
TRAMADOL.
Its safety for children under the age of 16, or for
pregnant or breast-feeding women has not been determined.Possible side effects include dizziness or
drowsiness. For this reason, people taking this drug should not drive,
operate dangerous machinery, or engage in other risk-related activities.
Other possible side effects include nausea, constipation, vomiting,
sweating, diarrhea, or dry mouth. An overdose can cause breathing
difficulties or seizures.Tramadol may interact adversely with carbamazepine,
quinidine, and drugs that depress the central nervous system such as
tranquilizers, sedatives, and monoamine oxidase (MAD) inhibitors. In
addition, tramadol should not be combined with alcoholic beverages.
THEOPHYLLINE.
Theophylline should not be used by breast-feeding
women and should be avoided during pregnancy.Side effects may include nausea or restlessness,
especially when starting treatment with theophylline. Other possible
side effects are diarrhea, headache, increased urination, insomnia, low
blood pressure, or skin rash. Changes in heart rate, another possible
side effect, should be checked by a doctor. Symptoms of overdose can
include the side effects described above or more severe effects
including high fever, convulsions, or coma.Theophylline may interact adversely with the
medication in a flu shot. It also may interact with cimetidine,
ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, phenytoin,
propanolol, and birth control pills.
TETRACYCLINE.
Patients with severe liver disease or pregnant or
breast-feeding women should not take this drug.Possible side effects include diarrhea, nausea,
vomiting, skin rash, itching, light sensitivity, facial swelling,
headache, blurred vision, chest pain, sore throat, difficulty
swallowing, or in infants, a bulging soft spot on the head. Children may
develop discolored teeth with long-term use.Tetracycline may interact adversely with antacids and
other common gastrointestinal medications, oral contraceptives, blood
thinners, lithium, penicillin, isotretinoin, cholestyramine, and
sucralfate.
FEXOFENADINE.
This drug should not be used by breast-feeding women
or children under the age of 12. Its safety for use during pregnancy has
not been determined.Possible side effects include headache, insomnia,
cold or flu, nausea, fatigue, indigestion, and menstrual pain. Unlike
many other antihistamines, fexofenadine causes little or no drowsiness.
Symptoms of overdose may include fainting, confusion, irregular
heartbeat, or seizures.
TERCONAZOLE.
This drug has not been proven safe for use in
children or in pregnant or breast-feeding women.Possible side effects may include genital pain and
burning sensations, body pain, headache, fever, or chills.
TERAZOSIN.
Terazosin has not been proven safe for use in
children under the age of 12 or in pregnant or breast-feeding women.Possible side effects include lightheadedness
(especially upon standing), dizziness, fainting, headache, stuffy nose,
difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, nausea, muscle weakness,
fatigue, sweating, numbness, fluid retention, or blurred vision.
Dizziness is most likely to occur at the start of treatment or when the
dosage is increased. At these times, patients should avoid driving,
operating dangerous machinery, or engaging in other risk-related
activities.Terazosin may interact adversely with other blood
pressure medications, especially beta blockers, estrogens, and certain
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin. Patients should
also avoid alcohol use and tobacco smoking while taking this drug.
TEMAZEPAM.
Temazepam should not be used by pregnant or
breast-feeding women, or by young people under the age of 18. With
long-term use (more than a few weeks), temazepam can both lose its
effectiveness and become addictive. When treatment is stopped, some
patients experience a recurrence of insomnia that lasts for one or two
nights.Dizziness or drowsiness the next day are two possible
side effects of temazepam, especially when starting treatment. Patients
who experience a lack of mental clarity should avoid driving, operating
dangerous machinery, or engaging in risk-related activities. Other
possible side effects include fatigue, headache, nervousness, or nausea.
Also observed in some patients are sweating, blurred vision, depression,
diarrhea, increased dreaming, restlessness, tremors, or hallucinations.
Abruptly stopping treatment can cause muscle cramps, convulsions,
tremors, or vomiting. An overdose can cause low blood pressure,
difficulty in breathing, confusion, seizures, or coma.Temazepam may interact adversely with various drugs,
including antidepressants, antihistamines, tranquilizers, narcotics,
barbiturates, and oral contraceptives. In addition, it should not be
combined with alcoholic beverages.
SUMATRIPTAN.
Its safety for young people under the age of 18 and
pregnant or breast-feeding women has not been determined.Possible side effects may include dizziness, stiff
neck, muscle weakness, sore throat, tingling, or skin rash. Irregular
heartbeat, change in blood pressure, tightness in the chest or throat,
difficulty breathing, or fainting are sometimes observed. Sumatriptan
may react adversely with medications containing ergotamine, a drug
commonly found in other migraine preparations.
SUCRALFATE.
Its safety for children, or pregnant or
breast-feeding women, has not been determined.Possible side effects may include constipation,
dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, diarrhea, or a dry mouth. Sucralfate may
interact adversely with antacids, antispasmodic drugs, certain
antibiotics, and blood-thinners, as well as cimetidine, digoxin,
ketoconazole, phenytoin, quinidine, ranitidine, tetracycline, and
theophylline.
SERTRALINE.
Its safety for children under the age of 12 or
pregnant or breast-feeding women has not been determined.A variety of possible side effects are associated
with sertraline, including headache, agitation, fatigue, insomnia,
sleepiness, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, a dry mouth, sweating,
irregular heartbeat, tremors, or problems with male sexual performance.
Less common side effects are abnormal hair growth, breast enlargement
(in both females and males), difficulty breathing or swallowing,
sensitivity to bright light, weight loss, or behavioral changes.Sertraline may interact adversely with diazepam,
digitoxin, warfarin, tolbutamide, cimetidine, lithium, various diabetes
medications including insulin, and monamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
This drug should not be combined with alcoholic beverages.
RANITIDINE.
This drug has not been proven safe for pregnant or
breast-feeding women or for children under the age of 16. It should be
used with caution by patients with impaired liver or kidney function.
Patients who take it for ulcers of the stomach and small intestine
should not stop treatment abruptly.Headache is the most common side effect of this drug.
Less common side effects are diarrhea, dizziness, anemia, hair loss,
joint or muscle pain, skin rash, rapid or slow heartbeat, and
drowsiness.Ranitidine may interact adversely with blood-thinning
drugs such as warfarin, as well as with diazepam, glipizide, enoxacin,
itraconazole, ketoconazole, midazolam, procainamide, sucralfate,
theophylline, and triamterene.
KETOPROFEN.
Pregnant women should not use ketoprofen in the third
trimester of pregnancy. Breast-feeding women, patients with allergies to
the drug, those who suffer asthma with aspirin use, and patients with
ulcers, bleeding disorders, impaired kidney function, or liver disease
should not take ketoprofen.Ketoprofen may have negative effects when taken with
other anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, aspirin, insulin, phenytoin,
verapamil, nifedipine, lithium, and diuretics. Alcoholic beverages can
increase the risk of ulcers or bleeding in the stomach.
PROMETHAZINE.
Promethazine’s safety for use during pregnancy and
breast-feeding has not been determined.Patients with disorders affecting breathing,
including asthma and sleep apnea, should not take promethazine. It
should be used with caution by patients with seizure disorders, heart
disease, liver conditions, peptic ulcers, high blood pressure, prostate
enlargement, or narrow-angle glaucoma. Promethazine may affect the
accuracy of a pregnancy test.Patients who experience drowsiness should not drive,
operate dangerous machinery, or engage in other risk-related activities.
Other possible side effects include dizziness, blurred vision, nausea,
vomiting, skin rash, jaundice, blood pressure changes, disorientation,
or light sensitivity. An overdose of promethazine can cause a slower
heart rate, breathing difficulties, or loss of consciousness.Promethazine may cause health problems if taken with
certain narcotic pain relievers, sedatives, tranquilizers, and
antidepressant drugs. This drug should not be taken with alcoholic
beverages.
PREDNISONE.
Pregnant and breast-feeding women should avoid
prednisone.Possible side effects may include insomnia,
depression, mood swings, headache, dizziness, muscle cramps, skin rash,
acne, high blood pressure, weight gain, or fluid retention. Long-term
use may cause various eye problems or Cushing’s syndrome, a hormonal
disorder characterized by obesity, muscle weakness, brittle bones, and
purplish, thick skin.Prednisone may interact adversely with cyclosporine,
carbamazepine, ketoconazole, amphotericin B, phenytoin, rifampin, birth
control pills, diabetes medications, estrogen supplements, and certain
diuretics.
OXAPROZIN.
It should be avoided by pregnant or breast-feeding
women, and by persons with bleeding or blood cell disorders, or a severe
impairment of kidney function. It should be used with caution by persons
with reduced liver or kidney function. The safety and effectiveness of
this drug for children under the age of 12 have not been established.
Small doses are advisable for persons over the age of 60 until tolerance
is determined. Driving and other risk-related activities should be
restricted if drowsiness or dizziness occurs.Possible side effects of oxaprozin may include
altered or blurred vision, constipation, depression, diarrhea,
dizziness, headache, hives, indigestion, itching, mouth sores, nausea,
ringing in the ears, skin rash, increased skin sensitivity to sunlight,
sleep disturbances, and vomiting. Rare but serious side effects include
kidney damage and gastrointestinal pain, ulceration, and bleeding.Drinking alcoholic beverages with this drug may
increase the risk of stomach ulceration or bleeding. Oxaprozin may
interact adversely with other drugs including acetaminophen;
anticoagulants; aspirin; beta blockers; diuretics such as
hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide; enoxaparin; indomethacin; lithium;
methotrexate; sulfinpyrazone; valproic acid; and warfarin.
OMEPRAZOLE.
This drug should not be taken by persons who have had
a previous allergic reaction to it; pregnant or breast-feeding women; or
persons with active bone marrow or blood cell disorders. The safety and
effectiveness of omeprazole for children under the age of 12 have not
been established. Driving and other risk-related activities should be
avoided if drowsiness and dizziness occur.The most common side effects of this drug are
abdominal or stomach pain. Less common side effects are chest pain,
constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, gas, headache, heartburn, muscle
pain, nausea and vomiting, skin rash or itching, and unusual drowsiness
or fatigue. Rare but more serious effects include bone marrow
depression, kidney or liver damage, urinary tract infection, or yeast
infection of the esophagus.Drinking alcohol and smoking tobacco increase stomach
acid secretion and should be avoided while taking this drug. Omeprazole
may interact adversely with certain drugs including ampicillin,
amoxicillin, warfarin, clonazepam and some other benzodiazepines,
cyclosporine, diazepam, digoxin, ketoconazole, and phenytoin.
OFLOXACIN.
This drug should not be taken by people who have had
a previous allergic reaction to it or to cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, or
norfloxacin; pregnant or breast-feeding women; or persons under 18 years
old (ofloxacin may impair normal bone growth and development). It should
be used with caution by persons with impaired liver or kidney function
or known or suspected disorders such as severe cerebral atherosclerosis,
epilepsy, or factors that predispose a person to seizures (convulsions).
The safety and effectiveness of the eyedrops have not been established
in children under one year old. Driving and other risk-related
activities should be avoided if the user experiences drowsiness,
dizziness, or impaired vision.Common minor side effects of ofloxacin may include
abdominal or stomach pain or discomfort, diarrhea, dizziness,
drowsiness, headache, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, nervousness,
and insomnia. Rare but more serious side effects may include severe
allergic reactions, excessive confusion, hallucinations, drug-induced
hepatitis, restlessness, speech problems, tremor, seizures, and tendon
rupture as a result of heavy exertion. The eyedrops may cause temporary
burning or stinging, redness, itching, tearing, or dryness in the eye.Ofloxacin may interact adversely with large amounts
of caffeine and with other drugs including antacids containing aluminum
or magnesium, calcium supplements, iron salts, probenecid, sucralfate,
theophylline, warfarin, and zinc salts.
NORTRIPTYLINE.
Nortriptyline should not be used by persons who have
had a previous allergic reaction to it; pregnant or breast-feeding
women; persons recovering from a recent heart attack or with
narrow-angle glaucoma; or persons who have taken a monoamine oxidase
(MAO) inhibitor drug within the past 14 days. Nortriptyline should be
used with caution by persons with liver damage or problems with
urination. Its safety and effectiveness for children have not been
established. Exposure to excessive heat or cold should be avoided.
Driving and other risk-related activities should not be undertaken if
drowsiness occurs. This drug should be discontinued gradually rather
than abruptly.Common side effects of nortriptyline that should
disappear as the body adjusts to the drug include anxiety, drowsiness,
blurred vision, confusion, constipation, a dry mouth, fatigue, headache, insomnia,
lightheadedness, memory problems, nausea, peculiar tastes in the mouth,
decreased urination, and weight gain or loss. More serious but less
common side effects include aggravation of paranoid psychoses and
schizophrenia; hallucinations; irregular heart rhythm; nightmares;
seizures; and uncoordinated movements or balance problems. Nortriptyline
may cause sensitivity to sunlight and may activate latent diabetes,
epilepsy, or glaucoma.Alcoholic beverages should be completely avoided
while using this drug. Nortriptyline may also interact adversely with
other drugs including antiseizure medications; birth control pills;
antihistamines, barbiturates, tranquilizers, narcotics, and sleeping
medications; carbamazepine; cimetidine; epinephrine; fluconazole;
fluoxetine; and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
NIZATIDINE.
This drug should not be used by persons who have had
a previous allergic reaction to it or by pregnant or breast-feeding
women. It should be used with caution by persons with reduced kidney
function. The safety and efficacy for children under the age of 16 have
not been determined. Driving and other risk-related activities should be
avoided if dizziness or confusion occurs. This drug should not be
stopped abruptly when being used to treat peptic ulcers. The
over-the-counter form should be used to treat heartburn only.Mild side effects may occur with use of nizatidine
including constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, headache, itching,
nausea, stomach upset, and sweating. More serious effects include
confusion, decreased sexual ability, excessive fatigue, fever, increased
heart rate, unusual bleeding or bruising, and weakness. Confusion and
dizziness are especially likely to occur in adults over 60 years old.
Most side effects should disappear as the body adjusts to nizatidine.Alcoholic beverages, citrus fruit, garlic, onions,
protein-rich foods, and tomatoes increase stomach acid secretion and
should be avoided while taking this drug. Nizatidine may also interact
adversely with other drugs including amoxicillin, high-dose aspirin,
pentoxiylline, and theophylline.
NITROFURANTOIN.
Nitrofurantoin should not be used by pregnant women,
especially in the third trimester; by breast-feeding women; persons with
impaired kidney function; or infants less than one month old. It should
be used with extreme caution by persons with anemia, diabetes,
electrolyte imbalances, vitamin-B deficiency, or any debilitating
disease.Nitrofurantoin is a potentially toxic drug with many
side effects. Stomach irritation is the most common. Nitrofurantoin may
also cause abdominal or stomach pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite,
nausea, or vomiting. A normal but harmless side effect is a change in
the color of urine for the duration of treatment. Occasionally this drug
may have serious, adverse effects on the lungs or liver. The elderly
have an increased chance of experiencing side effects.This drug may interact adversely with other drugs
including acetazolamide, anticholinergic medications, magnesium
trisilicate, nalidixic acid, oral antacids, probenecid, sodium
bicarbonate, and sulfinpyrazone.
NIFEDIPINE.
Nifedipine should not be used by persons who have had
a previous allergic reaction to this drug; pregnant or breast-feeding
women; or persons with low blood pressure, reduced liver or kidney
function, or a significant narrowing of the aorta. Hot environments can
exaggerate the effects of this drug, dropping blood pressure to
undesirably low levels. Driving and other risk-related activities should
be restricted if dizziness and drowsiness occur with use of nifedipine.
The safety and effectiveness of this drug have not been determined for
children under the age of 12. The regular capsules should not be used by
persons over 71 years old. Nifedipine should not be stopped abruptly but
should be tapered off under a physician’s supervision.Common side effects of this drug include dizziness,
flushing, headache, lightheadedness, low blood pressure, nausea,
swelling of the feet and ankles, and weakness. Rarely, nifedipine may
increase angina, especially in persons who have stopped taking beta
blocker drugs. There is an increased chance of side effects in persons
over the age of 60.Nifedipine may interact adversely with alcoholic
beverages, grapefruit juice, cigarette smoking, and certain drugs
including amiodarone, cimetidine, cyclosporine, digitalis, digoxin,
diltiazem, insulin, magnesium, oral hypoglycemic drugs, phenytoin,
theophylline, and ranitidine.
NAPROXEN.
Naproxen should not be used by persons who have had a
previous allergic reaction to this drug or an asthmatic reaction to
aspirin; pregnant or breast-feeding women; or persons with peptic ulcers
or any form of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding, bleeding or
blood cell disorders, liver disease, or severe impairment of kidney
function. It should be used with caution by persons with reduced liver
or kidney function. The safety and efficacy of this drug for children
under the age of two have not been established. Reduced dosages are
advised for persons over the age of 60 until their tolerance of naproxen
has been determined. Driving or other risk-related activities should be
restricted if drowsiness or dizziness occur with the use of this drug.Certain mild side effects may occur with naproxen
that should disappear as the body adapts to the drug. These include
bloating, constipation, diarrhea, difficulty sleeping, dizziness,
drowsiness, headache, heartburn, indigestion, lightheadedness, loss of
appetite, nausea, nervousness, soreness of the mouth, sweating, or
vomiting. More serious but uncommon adverse effects include activation
of peptic ulcer disease or ulcerative colitis, bleeding in the stomach
or bowel, difficulty breathing, changes in menstruation, and liver or
kidney damage. This drug may also cause increased sensitivity to
sunlight.Naproxen may interact adversely with alcoholic
beverages and certain other drugs including anticoagulants (blood
thinners) such as warfarin; aspirin, salicylates, or other
anti-inflammatory drugs; lithium; methotrexate; beta blockers such as
acebutolol, atenolol, metoprolol, and timolol; furosemide and
thiazide-type diuretics; and probenecid.
NABUMETONE.
Nabumetone should not be used by persons who have had
a previous allergic reaction to this drug or an asthmatic reaction to
aspirin; pregnant or breast-feeding women; or persons with peptic ulcers
or any form of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding, bleeding or
blood cell disorders, liver disease, or severe impairment of kidney
function. It should be used with caution by persons with reduced liver
or kidney function and persons taking drugs that reduce blood clotting.
The safety and efficacy of this drug for children under the age of 12
have not been established. Reduced dosages are advised for persons over
the age of 60 until their tolerance of nabumetone has been determined.
Driving or other risk-related activities should be restricted if
drowsiness, dizziness, or impaired vision occurs with use of this drug.Certain mild side effects may occur with nabumetone
that should disappear as the body adapts to the drug. These include
bloating, constipation, diarrhea, difficulty sleeping, dizziness,
drowsiness, headache, heartburn, indigestion, lightheadedness, loss of
appetite, nausea, nervousness, soreness of the mouth, sweating, or
vomiting. More serious but uncommon side effects include activation of
peptic ulcer disease or ulcerative colitis, asthma or difficulty
breathing, bleeding in the stomach or duodenum, blurred vision,
impairment of normal blood clotting, and liver or kidney damage. This
drug may also cause increased sensitivity to sunlight.Nabumetone may interact adversely with alcoholic
beverages and with certain other drugs including anticoagulants (blood
thinners) such as warfarin; aspirin, other salicylates, and other
anti-inflammatory drugs; beta blockers; diuretics; and probenecid.
MUPIROCIN.
Mupirocin should not be used by persons who have had
a previous allergic reaction to this drug; pregnant or breast-feeding
women; or persons with extensive burns or open wounds. It should not be
applied to an area of skin larger than that prescribed by a physician.
The safety and efficacy of the regular ointment have not been
established for children under the age of 5, while the safety and
efficacy of the nasal ointment have not been established for children
under the age of 12.The most common side effects of this drug include
burning, stinging, pain, or itching at the infection site. Less common
side effects are rash, nausea, reddening or dry skin, tenderness,
swelling, and hives. One of the ingredients in this ointment,
polyethylene glycol, may be toxic to the kidneys if it is applied over
an extensive burn or wound.Mupirocin may interact adversely with certain
medications and should not be used with other ointments or treatments
unless prescribed. Other intranasal medications should not be used with
the intranasal form of this drug.
MOMETASONE FUROATE.
Breast-feeding women should not use the drug and
pregnant women should not use it indiscriminately or for prolonged
periods. Its use in children should be limited to the least amount
effective.The most frequent side effects of mometasone furoate
are localized burning, itching, tingling, stinging, or dry skin. If used
in especially thin or sensitive skin areas, this drug may cause skin
damage. If used over large surface areas, in areas of broken skin, with
bandages, or over a long period, too much of the drug may be absorbed
into the body, producing serious adverse reactions such as suppression
of the body’s normal production of certain hormones. Because of their
higher skin surface to body weight ratio, children are more susceptible
to toxicity than adults.Mometasone furoate is not known to interact adversely
with any foods or other drugs. However, patients should exercise caution
to prevent over-absorption of the drug if prescribed along with oral
corticoids.
METOPROLOL.
This drug should not be used by persons with a
previous allergic reaction to it; pregnant or breast-feeding women;
persons with congestive heart failure, an abnormally slow heart rate, or
disorders of heart impulse transmission (such as patients with cardiac
pacemakers); or persons taking a class of antidepressants known as
monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. It should be used with caution by
persons with reduced liver function or asthma and by people over the age
of 60. Its safety and effectiveness in children under the age of 12 have
not been established. It may have a negative effect on driving or other
risk-related activities. Metoprolol should not be discontinued abruptly
but should be tapered off gradually over one to two weeks.Common side effects of this drug include drowsiness,
fatigue, cold hands and feet, slow heart rate, lightheadedness, and
decreased sexual desire. Possible risks of long-term use include
congestive heart failure in advanced heart disease, worsening angina in
coronary heart disease, and increased asthma attacks in asthmatic
persons.Exposure to heat can lower blood pressure and
exaggerate the effects of metoprolol. Exposure to cold can further
reduce the diminished circulation in hands and feet that may occur with
this drug. Alcohol may exaggerate the drug’s ability to lower blood
pressure and increase its sedative effect. Smoking may reduce the drug’s
potency. Excessive salt intake should be avoided when using this drug.Metoprolol can interact adversely with certain drugs
including other antihypertensive drugs; albuterol; aminophylline;
amiodarone; aspirin; barbiturates such as phenobarbital; calcium channel
blockers; chlorpromazine; cimetidine; clonidine; digoxin; diltiazem;
epinephrine; fluoxetine; furosemide; hydralazine; indomethacin and
possibly other aspirin substitutes or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs; insulin; nifedipine; oral antidiabetic drugs; oral hypoglycemic
drugs; oral contraceptives (birth control pills); tranquilizers;
reserpine; theophyllinevenlafaxine; and verapamil.
METHYLPREDNISOLONE.
It should not be used by persons who have had an
allergic reaction to it in the past or by pregnant or breast-feeding
women. It should also be avoided by persons with active tuberculosis,
peptic ulcer disease, eye infections caused by the herpes simplex virus,
or recent surgical joining of two bowel segments. It should be used with
caution by persons with reduced kidney function and people over the age
of 60. Prolonged use in infants and children should be avoided.
Methylprednisolone should be discontinued 72 hours before vaccination
against measles, rabies, smallpox, or yellow fever and should not be
resumed for at least 14 days after vaccination. This drug should not be
stopped abruptly after long-term treatment but should be tapered off in
decreasing dosages.Common side effects of methylprednisolone include
increased appetite, weight gain, retention of salt and water, and
elimination of potassium in the urine. Prolonged use of the oral form is
associated with serious side effects such as mood alterations, increased
blood sugar, possible diabetes, osteoporosis (loss of bone strength),
hypertension (high blood pressure), arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat),
peptic ulcer, cataracts, glaucoma, reactivation of latent tuberculosis,
retarded growth and development in children, and increased
susceptibility to infection.Methylprednisolone may interact adversely with
certain drugs including amphotericin B; antacids; antihypertensive (high
blood pressure) drugs; aspirin; barbiturates ; carbamazepine;
cyclosporine; digoxin; ephedrine; drugs containing estrogen; insulin;
ketoconazole; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen,
indomethacin, ketoprofen, and naproxen; oral anticoagulants (blood
thinners); oral antidiabetic drugs; oral contraceptives (birth control
pills); phenytoin; and certain vaccines. Heavy smoking may add to the
effects of methylprednisolone, and drinking alcoholic beverages can
increase the risk of peptic ulcers in persons taking this drug orally.
LOVASTATIN.
It should not be used by persons who have had an
allergic reaction to lovastatin; persons with active liver disease or
active peptic ulcers; or pregnant or breast-feeding women. It should be
used with caution by persons with reduced liver function and habitual
users of alcohol. The safety and effectiveness of lovastatin for people
under the age of 20 have not been established. Driving and other
risk-related activities should be restricted if dizziness and blurred
vision occur while taking this drug.Common side effects of lovastatin include
constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, gas, headache, heartburn, nausea,
skin rash, and stomach pain. Less common side effects are blurred
vision, fever, muscle aches or cramps, severe stomach pain, and unusual
tiredness or weakness. Long-term use of this drug may result in abnormal
liver function tests.Lovastatin may interact adversely with certain drugs
including clofibrate, cyclosporine, erythromycin and other macrolide
antibiotics such as asithromycin and clarithromycin, gemfibrozil,
niacin, and warfarin.
LORAZEPAM.
Lorazepam should not be taken by people with a known
sensitivity to benzodiazepine tranquilizers; persons with acute
narrow-angle glaucoma; or pregnant or breast-feeding women. It should be
used with caution by people with liver or kidney disease. Its safety and
effectiveness have not been established in children under the age of 18.The most frequent side effects of this drug are
drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, and unsteadiness. Less frequent side
effects are disorientation, depression, nausea, change in appetite,
headache, sleep disturbance, agitation, skin problems, vision problems,
and memory impairment.Lorazepam may interact adversely with other drugs
including alcohol, sedatives, antihistamines, barbiturates, narcotics,
antidepressants, carbamazepine, levodopa, phenytoin, cimetidine,
isoniazid, and rifampin.
LORATADINE.
This drug should not be used by breast-feeding
mothers or people undergoing skin tests for allergies.The most common side effects of loratadine are skin
rash, headache, drowsiness, or dizziness. Less common side effects
include heart rhythm disturbances and skin sensitivity to sunlight.Extreme drowsiness may result if loratadine is used
with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol,
barbiturates, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, narcotics, pain
medication, or tricyclic antidepressants. Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
inhibitors, a class of antidepressants, can increase the side effects of
loratadine. Loratadine taken concurrently with the antifungal drugs
ketoconazole, itraconazole, or fluconazole may cause serious heart
rhythm disturbances. Antibiotics such as azithromycin, clarithromycin,
or erythromycin may have a toxic interaction with loratadine.
LORACARBEF.
This drug has not been proven safe for pregnant or
breast-feeding women or for children under six months of age.The most common side effects of loracarbef are
diarrhea, abdominal pain, and skin rashes. Less common side effects are
colitis, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, sleepiness,
nervousness, insomnia, and dizziness. Use of loracarbef with potent
diuretics increases the risk of kidney disease. Use with probenecid, an
antigout drug, increases the levels of loracarbef in the bloodstream.
LISINOPRIL.
Lisinopril should not be taken by pregnant women. It
should be used with caution by breast-feeding women and people with
diabetes mellitus, heart or blood vessel disease, heart attack, stroke,
kidney or liver disease, or systemic lupus erythematosus. Its safety for
children has not been established.The side effects of taking lisinopril are relatively
minimal. Dizziness and lightheadedness may occur from lowered blood
pressure. However, a rarely observed side effect includes swelling of
the face, extremities, eyes, lips, and tongue after the first dose,
resulting in difficulty swallowing or breathing and potential
obstruction of the airway.Certain foods and other drugs may interact adversely
with lisinopril. Potassium supplements and foods high in potassium
should be avoided. The use of alcoholic beverages with this drug may
dramatically lower blood pressure. Diuretic drugs (those that increase
the elimination of urine) may lower blood pressure excessively, and
potassium-sparing diuretics may increase blood potassium. Indomethacin,
a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug, may decrease the effect of
lisinopril.
LEVOTHYROXINE.
Levothyroxine may be used during pregnancy but should
be used with caution by breast-feeding mothers. Patients sensitive to
lactose may not tolerate this drug because lactose is used in its
manufacture.Side effects from levothyroxine are rare and usually
due to overdosage, which causes thyroid overactivity. Symptoms of
overdose include anxiety, agitation, diarrhea, weight loss or gain,
sweating, flushed skin, tiredness, heart palpitations, or chest pain.Levothyroxine may increase the effect of oral
blood-thinning drugs and may increase the requirements for insulin or
oral antidiabetic drugs. Its absorption may be reduced by cholestyramine
and colestipol.In 1996 the Wall Street Journal exposed a controversy
surrounding Synthroid, a brand-name version of levothyroxine. This
controversy culminated in a class-action lawsuit brought against the
manufacturers of Synthroid by users of the drug. The drug’s users
charged the manufacturer with suppressing research indicating that less
expensive generic versions of levothyroxine are biologically equivalent
to the brand-name versions. In August 1997 the manufacturer agreed to
pay participants in the class-action lawsuit $98 million, but never
admitted any wrongdoing.
NORGESTREL / ETHINYL ESTRADIOL.
The drug should not be used by breast-feeding
mothers. Because of the risk of blood clots, it should be discontinued
three to four weeks before surgery and for two weeks after surgery.The most common side effects of this drug are nausea,
vomiting, bleeding between menstrual periods, weight gain, fluid
retention, breast tenderness, difficulty wearing contact lenses, and
brown, blotchy spots on exposed skin. Other side effects may include
changes in appetite, headache, nervousness, depression, dizziness, loss
of scalp hair, rash, and vaginal infections. Uncommon—but serious and
potentially fatal—side effects are blood clots and blockage of blood
vessels. There is at present no confirmed evidence that oral
contraceptives increase the risk of cancer of the reproductive organs,
and several studies have found no overall increase in the risk of
developing breast cancer. Some studies have found an increase in the
incidence of cervical cancer.Certain drugs may interact with oral contraceptives
to make them less effective in preventing pregnancy or cause an increase
in breakthrough bleeding. These include rifampin; drugs used for
epilepsy such as barbiturates and phenytoin; phenylbutazone; and certain
antibiotics.
KETOROLAC.
The safety of this drug for pregnant or
breast-feeding women or for children has not been determined. The
eyedrop solution should not be used by patients wearing contact lenses.
Abdominal or stomach pain, bruising at the site of injection,
drowsiness, indigestion, and nausea are the most common side effects of
both the oral and injected forms of the drug. Less common side effects
are bloating or gas, burning or pain at the injection site,
constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, a feeling of fullness in the
abdominal or stomach area, headache, increased sweating, vomiting,
edema, decrease in urine output, renal failure, and gastrointestinal
bleeding, ulceration, and perforation.A temporary stinging and burning sensation in the eye
is the most common side effect of the eyedrop solution. Less common side
effects are eye irritation, allergic reactions, superficial eye
infections, and superficial inflammation of the eye’s cornea.Ketorolac may interact adversely with aspirin,
acetaminophen, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, as well
as with lithium, methotrexate, probenecid, ketoprofen, nabumetone,
naproxen, and oxaprozin. Use of ketorolac with blood-thinning drugs,
cefamandole, cefoperazone, cefotetan, heparin, moxalactam, plicamycin,
or valproic acid may increase risk of bleeding.
GEMFIBROZIL.
This drug has not been proven safe for use in
children under the age of 12 or in pregnant or breast-feeding women.Possible side effects include constipation, diarrhea,
headache, nausea, indigestion, vomiting, skin rash, or abdominal pain
(including appendicitis). Other side effects sometimes observed are
anemia, dizziness, fainting, impotence, blurred vision, confusion,
irregular heartbeat, muscle or joint pain, itching, or sleepiness.
Gemfibrozil may interact adversely with glyburide, lovastatin, or
various blood-thinning drugs.
FLUOXETINE.
Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding are advised
not to take fluoxetine, and people taking it should not consume alcohol.Common adverse side effects of fluoxetine include
anxiety, insomnia, headaches, dizziness, changes in appetite, weight
loss, nausea, and diarrhea.
DOXYCYCLINE.
Patients with liver disease and pregnant or
breast-feeding women should not use this drug. It may be taken by
children over the age of eight at a dosage based on body weight.
Possible side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, skin rash,
itching, light sensitivity, headache, facial swelling, chest pain,
difficulty swallowing, or bulging forehead (in infants). Children may
develop discolored teeth, especially with long-term use.Doxycyline may interact adversely with antacids and
other common gastrointestinal medications, birth control pills,
barbiturates, blood-thinners, penicillin, phenytoin, sodium bicarbonate,
and carbamazepine.
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE.
Patients with liver disease or untreated angina
(severe chest pain) should not use doxazosin mesylate. Its safety for
children and pregnant or breast-feeding women has not been established.
Patients with impaired liver or kidney function, coronary artery
disease, low white-blood-cell count, mental depression, or a history of
stroke should use this drug with caution.The most common side effects include fatigue and
headache. Some patients experience light-headedness or dizziness,
especially when the dosage is increased, and as a result, should not
drive, operate dangerous machinery, or engage in other risk-related
activities. Other possible side effects include constipation,
indigestion, nausea, muscle cramps or weakness, nosebleed, skin rash,
ringing in the ears, insomnia, eye pain, or depression. This drug can be
combined safely with most other medications.
DIAZEPAM.
It is not safe for use during pregnancy, while
breast-feeding, or in children under six months of age. It should not be
combined with alcoholic beverages.Side effects of this drug may include drowsiness,
lightheadedness, fatigue, or poor muscle coordination. Patients who
experience these symptoms should not drive, operate dangerous machinery,
or engage in other risk-related activities while taking diazepam. Other
side effects include blurred or double vision, confusion, depression,
dizziness, headache, slurred speech, nausea, constipation, skin rash, or
low blood pressure. Patients taking diazepam for an extended period
(more than four weeks) may experience withdrawal symptoms if use is
stopped abruptly; these symptoms may include abdominal cramps, sweating,
vomiting, tremors, or convulsions. An overdose of this drug may cause
sleepiness, confusion, or coma.Diazepam may interact adversely with a wide variety
of drugs. These include other tranquilizers, anticonvulsant drugs,
antidepressants (especially MAO inhibitors), barbiturates, narcotics,
and birth control pills. Other potentially adverse drug interactions
include cimetidine, digoxin, fluoxetine, ranitidine, and rifampin.
CIPROFLOXACIN.
Pregnant women, breast-feeding women, and children
under the age of 18 should not take this drug.Possible side effects include abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting, headache, skin rash, sensitivity to light, or restlessness.
Serious side effects should be reported to a doctor, as allergic
reactions to this drug, while rare, can be fatal. Allergic symptoms may
include facial swelling, shortness of breath, tingling or itching,
hives, or unconsciousness.Patients with severe liver disease, impaired kidney
function, or with epilepsy or other disorders or injuries affecting the
central nervous system should use this drug with caution. Those who
experience dizziness or lightheadedness with this medication should not
drive, operate dangerous machinery, or engage in other risk-related
activities. Because of the possible risk of tendon rupture, strenuous
physical activity should be avoided or approved by a doctor.Ciprofloxacin should not be combined with the drug
theophylline, as serious or fatal reactions can result. It may interact
adversely with phenytoin and warfarin. Ciprofloxacin may be less
effective when used in combination with vitamin supplements containing
zinc or iron or with antacids containing calcium, aluminum, or
magnesium.
WARFARIN.
This drug should not be used by children under the
age of 18 or by pregnant or breast-feeding women.Possible side effects of warfarin include hemorrhage
(severe bleeding), chest pain, joint pain, headache, difficulty
breathing, difficulty swallowing, or swelling. Other side effects may
include diarrhea, nausea, fever, hair loss, skin inflammation,
discolored (purplish) toes, or gangrene. Excessive bleeding from a
nosebleed, cut, puncture, or unusual menstrual flow should be checked by
a doctor.Warfarin may react adversely with dozens of
medications including over-the-counter drugs such as aspirin,
acetaminophen (Tylenol), and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). For this reason,
patients taking warfarin are usually advised to carry a drug
identification card.Foods that may diminish warfarin’s effectiveness
are those rich in vitamin K such as leafy green vegetables, cauliflower,
asparagus, fish, beef liver, and bacon. Patients taking this drug should
also avoid alcoholic beverages.
ZOLPIDEM.
It should not be used by children under the age of 18
or by pregnant or breast-feeding women. When treatment is discontinued,
some patients experience a recurrence of insomnia.Dizziness or drowsiness the day after taking zolpidem
are possible side effects, especially when beginning treatment. Patients
who experience a loss of mental clarity should avoid driving, operating
dangerous machinery, or engaging in other risk-related activities. Other
possible side effects may include nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision, skin
rash, tremors, memory loss, or abnormal thoughts or behavior. Withdrawal
symptoms, such as vomiting or cramps, may occur if treatment is stopped
abruptly.Zolpidem may interact adversely with drugs that
affect the central nervous system such as narcotics, tranquilizers, and
antidepressants. It should not be combined with alcoholic beverages.
HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT.
In view of the above adverse reactions and side
effects of Allopapthic Drugs, it is in the best interest of the
breast-feeding mothers that they should undertake the homoeopathic
treatment from the well qualified classical homoeopath for their
problems. Homoeopathy is the best and safest both for the feeding
mothers and the infants without any side effects. For Homoeopathic
treatment you may please contact the Author of this Article by e-mail
for further details.
Reference:
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia.
Copyright © Dr. Sayeed Ahmad
2004