SANTONINUM.
A crystallizable acid, C15H18O3. Santoninic acid. Obtained
from different species of Russian and Levantine Artemisia, especially
from “Semen cinæ”. See Cina.
Preparation
, Triturations.
Authorities.
1,
Knoblauch, Deutsch Klin., 1834-5, general effects; 2, T. Spencer Wells, Lond. Med. Gaz., 1848,
p. 1035, general effects; 3,
Spengler, Deutsch Klin., 1850, effects of 2 grains twice, in a boy four
years old; 4, Schmidt, Deutsch
Klin., 1852, poisoning; 5, Schmidt
and Heydloff, Preuss. Ver. Zeit., 1852, poisoning; 6, Zimmermann, Deutsch Klin., 1853, general
effects; 7, Bohler, Zeit. f. Hom.,
Kl., 2, 156, 1856, two children took, for worms, 15 grains morning and
evening for three days; 8, same, the
father took a powder; 9, same,
effects of 5 grains to four children for six days; 10, Mauthner, Journ. f. Kinderkr., 1854, 22,
p. 1, a healthy boy with a broken bone took 4 grains; 10a, same
boy afterwards took 6 grains; 11,
Seitz, Hannov. Convers., 5, 22, 1855, effects in children; 12, Ann. de Thérap., 1852, a child aged four
took 3 grains; 13, James Moore,
Lancet, 1859, 1, 402, effects in two children when given as an
anthelmintic; 14, same, a moderate
dose in a woman; 15, same, in a
little girl; 16, same, two other
cases; 17, Phipson, Virginia Med.
and Surg. Journ., 1859, p. 49 (Gaz. Hebdom), took 5 grains; 18, omitted; 19,
Gabalda, L’Art Méd., 10, 256, a child four and a half years old took
Santonin pills every day (apparently had worms); 20, Lohrmann, Journ. de Chim. Méd. et Pharm.
J., 2d ser., 4, 91, a child three years old took about a grain in five
lozenges for ascarides; 21, Guepin,
Compt. Rend., 1860, p. 794, general effects; 22,
Martin, Buchner’s Repert., 2, 5 (S. J., 80, 12), experiments on self,
took 3 grains, once repeated; 23,
Rose, Archiv. f. Path. Anat., general effects; 24,
same, experiments on a colleague; 25,
same, effects in two women; 26,
same, general effects; 27, Journ. de
Chim. Méd., 1862, 8, 76, a child in good health took about 12 grains
within half an hour; 28, Berg. Med.
Corr. Bl., 1862, Vol. 22, p. 131, a boy swallowed 3 or 4 grains; 29, Notta, Journ. de Chim. Méd., 10, 111,
general effects; 30, Lilienthal, N.
Am. J. of Hom., 1865, p. 139, fatal effects of “Van Deuzen’s Worm
Confections,” in a girl five years old; 31,
Kraus, Diss. ueber die Wirkungen des Santoni, Tubingen, 1869, experiment
on self with repeated doses of 2 to 10 grains; 32,
same, “R.” took doses of 2 to 6 grains; 33, MacDaniel, N. Orleans Journ. of Med., 22,
244, 1869, effects in children free from fever; 33a, continued use of S.; 34, Smith, Dubl. Quart. J. of Sc., 1870,
effects of 5 grains on self; 35,
same, a boy five years old took 4 grains on two successive days; 36, same, a series of experiments on self; 37, Crisp., Brit. Med. Journ., 1871, 1, 273,
general effects; 38, Sieveking,
Brit. Med. Journ., 1871, 1, 166, effects of two doses of 3 grains each,
in a child of four years; 39,
Farquharsen, Brit. Med. J., 1871, 2, 466, 5 grains in a boy of twelve; 40, same, experiments on self; 41, Courrier Med., 1871, p. 328, a boy
fourteen years old took 15 centigrams; 42,
Becker, Centralblatt f. Med. Wiss., 1875, a boy of two years took 0.05
gram; 43, Binz, Lancet, 1877, 1,
853, a child aged two years took two lozenges each of .025 milligram of
S.; 44, Hubbard, U. S. Med. Invest.,
N. S., 7, 203, fatal effects of 6 grains, in a child of three years.
MIND.
►
Delirium, [19]. ► Consciousness clear when awake, but
during its restless sleep light delirium showed itself (second day), [30]. ►
Felt very much excited, and inclined to dance and laugh (soon), [14]. ►
Hysterical laughter, [13]. ► Restless, irritable (first day); wanted
everything; was satisfied with nothing (second day), [44]. ► The
best marked symptom was a feeling of profound and most unusual
depression, accompanied by so much irresolution and want of confidence
in my own powers as to render me quite unfit for work of any kind; this
invariably followed even a single 5-grain dose, and beginning with
dulness and heaviness; ran on into very much that sort of melancholia
which I imagine jaundice sometimes produces, [40]. ►
Unconscious, [26]. ► Comatose, [19].
HEAD.
►
Vertigo, [31]. [10.] ►
Dizzy feelings (in nine cases), [23].
► Giddiness, [13], [37].
► Head turning and twisting, restless
(first day), [44]. ► Dulness of the head, [31]. ►
Headache, [31]. ► In almost all cases of cured acute
choroiditis, with the exudation more or less colored, it generally
caused headache, [21]. ► Pain in the forehead, [31]; (after 5 grains), [40]. ►
Fulness about the temples, [14].
EYE.
►
Blue rings around the eyes, [3]. ► Eyes rolled convulsively, [27]. [20.] ► Distortion of the eyes, [3]. ►
Pressure in the supraorbital region, [31].
► Pressure in the eyes, [31]. ►
Pupil. ► Dilated pupils, [12]. ►
Pupils insensible, [3]. ► Pupils dilated for several days, [44]. ►
Pupils enormously dilated and insensible, [27].
► Pupils enormously dilated, [20]. ►
Vision. ► Visions (in
eight cases), [23]. ► Flickering before the eyes, [31]. [30.]
► Objects seemed to totter and dance,
and the child seemed to see various figures, cherries, animals, etc., [9]. ►
Photophobia and lachrymation (second day), [22]. ► When
the narcotism seemed to have disappeared (i.
e., when he had got used to it), he went to dine at a
restaurant; the experiment was over and forgotten; during lively
conversation in a friendly circle, in comes the waiter with yellow egg
soup; it smelt peculiar to him, and
also looked quite red; perfectly
shocked, he sent the soup back as entirely spoilt; to the amusement of
his friends, he persisted obstinately in asseverations which to them
were inexplicable; they came to words, and my hot-headed colleague left
the “good-for-nothing eating-house” in a pet, [24]. ► The
conversation turned casually upon a gentleman’s coat, and led to a
dispute; one said it was yellow, the other a fine violet color; the
gentleman, whose coat was gray, and was not aware that one had made
herself violet-sighted, the other violet-blind (or yellow-sighted), was
astounded; they, too, in their discussion, had forgotten the cause, and
could not, without the help of a third person, shake off the illusions, [25]. ►
The blue sky in the evening twilight looked green, not so during the
day, [11]. ►
Objects seemed green as if beheld through green glass, [9]. ► All
objects became green and wavering, [7].
► Vision green, [8]. ►
Everything looked green, [15]. ► Between five and six o’clock he thought
he perceived a very faint greenish tint upon white window curtains, but
ascribed it at first to his imagination. At six o’clock the gas flame,
chandeliers, the fire in the stove, and all white objects strongly
illuminated, assumed a very intense yellowish tinge; other objects
retained their ordinary colors. This effect continued without
intermission during the whole evening, and did not diminish until
half-past ten o’clock, and was still appreciable at midnight and until
two o’clock in the morning, when the doctor went to bed, [17]. [40.] ► If the dose exceed 5 grains in the adult,
a curious effect upon the retina is produced, the patient, for an hour
or more, occasionally seeing all objects tinted green or yellow, as
though he were looking through colored spectacles, [2]. ► Yellow
sight (in thirty cases); violet sight (in nineteen cases), [23]. ►
Very sudden yellow vision; all objects seem enveloped in a yellow mist
(four hours after 2 grains), [31].
► Sees things yellow (second day), [30]. ►
Intense yellow and green vision, lasting an hour (three-quarters of an
hour after 3 grains), [31]. ► Yellow vision, [32]. ► A
yellow tinge imparted to surrounding objects, similar to that assumed by
the salt itself when exposed to the light for any time, [37]. ► He
became conscious, while reading, of a yellowish tint on the paper and of
a yellow haze in the air; his own hands, and the complexion of others,
appeared of a sallow unhealthy color, and the evening sky, which was
really of a pale-yellow color, seemed to be light-green (after three
hours); vision was not perfectly distinct for some hours, and was
accompanied by a certain vagueness of definition, [34]. ► Twenty
minutes after swallowing 5 grains I observed flames to assume a
decidedly yellow color, as though spirits were being burnt; ordinary
white glass globes became deeply tinted with yellowish-green, and
writing-paper presented the same phenomena in somewhat less marked
degree; during three hours the tints gradually increased, after which
they faded by slow stages, until vision was restored to its normal
standard, [40]. ► At first light-colored objects seemed
yellow, dark-colored of their natural hue; afterwards both light and
dark became yellow-green, and red seemed violet, [1]. [50.] ► Red and blue always seen in their
complementary colors green and orange, [5].
► Carmine red looked fallow,
brick-red bronze; Berlin blue, greenish, [4].
► Saw everything that she looked at
through a yellow light, [14]. ►
All objects seem yellowish-green, [22].
► Visual aberration, green and yellow
being the prevailing colors. The symptoms were more or less present
until the Santonin was expelled from the stomach and bowels by a full
dose of castor oil, [16]. ► All objects seem intensely
yellowish-green (second day), [22].
► The patients see objects yellow
after the second dose; in those patients affected with atrophy of the
arteries of the retina, as well as in those suffering from subacute
choroiditis, with absorption of pigment, the yellow coloration of vision
is not observed; in certain of the latter cases objects, on the
contrary, appear whitish, [21]. ► The phenomena of visual illusion in
persons poisoned by it are reducible to distinct classes. Every one,
however small the quantity taken, could not recognize violet light; saw
the spectrum as if curtailed at the violet end; overlooked everything of
a pure violet-color; whilst in all mixtures containing violet and
yellow, the complementary yellow appeared to predominate, this has been
called yellow-sight. Quite different is the next higher degree of
intoxication; the subject of it is then unable to distinguish colors
which on the healthy make a different, even an opposite impression, such
as lilac and dark-gray, or violet and black; he not only confounds these
colors with one another, but a great many dissimilar seem all alike to
him; the colors which are mistaken for each other had always a different
degree of purity and strength, which, however, continues unalterably the
same for each other, so that when one has exactly determined by
measurement the purity and strength of two colors that are thus
mistaken, one can with perfect certainty and precision determine a
priori by calculation with which two of all the other colors these two
will be confounded; there is hardly a single color which can with
certainty be distinguished from the rest; each one resembles an endless
number of others, and thus the infinite host of colors which a healthy
person can appreciate is reduced to an extremely small number; this
stage manifests itself in the fact that all colors, the darker they
really are, the more they resemble a tint between violet and
ultramarine; with the determination of these, all other changes of color
are determined, [26].
NOSE.
►
Hallucinations of smell (in six cases), [23].
FACE.
►
Convulsive movements of the muscles of the face, especially of the lips
and lids, [19]. [60.] ►
Slight twitching of facial muscles set in (second day), [30]. ► Face
pinched; drawing in of lips over the teeth, with pinched expression of
mouth and nose (next morning), [30].
► Face pale, [3]. ► Pale
around the mouth, worse in the afternoon (first day), [44]. ► One
cheek white, the other red, resembling a hectic flush (first day); red
color of one cheek for several days, [44].
MOUTH.
►
Grating of the teeth during sleep, [19].
► Teeth clenched, [27]. ► Tongue
deep red (second day), [30]. ► Dryness of the tongue, [40]. ►
Frothing from the mouth, [27]. [70.] ►
Burning pains apparently torment her, as she forces everything in her
mouth (second night), [30]. ► Hallucinations of taste (in five cases), [23].
THROAT.
►
The glands of the neck, parotid, and submaxillary commenced swelling in
about five days, and continued to increase until the throat was so
filled as nearly to prevent swallowing, [44].
STOMACH.
►
Deficient appetite (after 5 grains), [40].
► Intense thirst, [13]. ►
Continual thirst for ice-water, which she swallowed greedily (next
morning), [30]. ► Frequent eructations, [28]. ►
Eructations, [31]. ► Nausea, [31],
[37], [40]; (soon), [22].
► Nausea and vomiting, [3]; (fourteen cases), [23]. [80.] ► Vomiting, [41].
► Vomiting (after first dose);
violent (after second dose), [38].
► Vomiting and purging, with severe
abdominal pains, [12]. ► Vomiting of yellowish slimy mucus set in
at 11 P.M. and continued till forenoon, [30].
► Excessive vomiting, accompanied by
severe pain in the stomach and belly (after half an hour), [13]. ►
One night, after taking a spoonful of nourishment, he choked and threw
up half a teacupful of blood and pus, and died without any struggle, [44]. ►
Dull pain in the pit of the stomach (second day), [30].
ABDOMEN.
►
Abdomen somewhat tumid, but soft (second day), [30]. ►
Abdomen hot, full, [28]. ► Rumbling in the abdomen, [31]. [90.] ► Abdomen very sensitive (second day), [30]. ►
Severe abdominal pains, with vomiting and purging, [12]. ► Severe
pain in the belly and stomach, with the excessive vomiting (after half
an hour); it was not till the second day that the bowels and stomach
seemed free from irritation, [13].
► Every night, before the child had a
movement from the bowels, he gave manifest evidence of pain in the
bowels, [44]. ► Pain in the abdomen, [3].
RECTUM AND ANUS.
►
Well-marked tenesmus was experienced both by myself and by a friend who
shared the experiment (after 10 grains), [40].
STOOL.
►
Purging of watery, flaky, foul-smelling stools followed the vomiting in
a few hours; passages came every ten to fifteen minutes; at 10 A.M. the
stools diminished; she had only three till afternoon, but they were
copious, grayish, with smell like putrefaction taking place, [30]. ►
Purging, with vomiting, and severe abdominal pains, [12]. ►
Profuse diarrhœa, with the vomiting (in one case), [13]. ► Had a
movement every night while the child lived, [44].
URINARY ORGANS.
[100.]
► Frequent efforts to urinate,
ability to pass only a few drops each time, [19]. ►
Micturition painful on account of burning in the urethra, with constant
desire to urinate, evacuation of only a few drops, that color the linen
intensely yellow (after 10 grains), [31].
► Five grains were taken at bedtime,
and next morning an irresistible and almost uncontrollable desire to
micturate was felt, the act being attended with some irritation and
smarting; the urine was of a deep saffron-yellow, staining the pot and
linen precisely as bile; it was of specific gravity 1028; the quantity
was decidedly increased, and the urea was somewhat in excess; the
diuretic action continued during the day, and it was not until 8 P.M.
that the secretion was quite free from foreign pigment, [40]. ► Urine
thick, sulphur-yellow; after standing an hour it deposited a
sulphur-yellow sediment, the urine above which was slightly greenish, [28]. ►
Urine increased in quantity, of the color of saturated saffron-water,
continuing three days (after one hour), [10].
► Urine increased threefold. After
four days the color disappeared from the urine. Urine pale yellow,
alkaline; in other respects the child was well, [10a]. ► Very
copious and involuntary discharge of urine towards early morning, [39]. ►
As a general rule the urine becomes colored; in some it continued
colored even after the derangement of vision had passed away, [21]. ►
The urine became light-green, and stained the linen so deeply that it
could not be washed out, [7]. ► Urine of the peculiar greenish color
which has been noticed after the exhibition of this drug, [43]. [110.] ► Urine greenish, [42]. ► In two
persons, the urine was very much colored for a few hours, [2]. ► Urine
yellowish-green, [9]. ► Intensely yellow color of the urine, [6]. ►
Urine orange-colored (second day), [30].
► Urine scanty, dark lemon-yellow,
acid, depositing dark-yellow crystals of uric acid; nitric acid caused a
transient brownish-red color; alkalies caused an amaranth-red color, [22]. ►
Next morning the urine, which had been kept in a tall glass vessel, was
of a bright pinkish-red (second day). The urine passed soon after the
second dose was of a greenish-yellow color; a few drops of liq. ammonia
immediately produced a clear red tint, [35].
► It gives to urine the property of
turning cherry-red when boiled with caustic potass or even when caustic
potass is added to it in the cold; this reaction might easily lead to
the conclusion that sugar is present in the urine; no result is obtained
with the copper test, and, therefore, the application of this test will
at once prevent any mistake in a doubtful case, [29]. ► The
urine if not increased in quantity (which generally in the case), is
voided with greater frequency, and is changed in color. It puts off its
ordinary amber color and takes on a deep saffron; it resembles in hue a
saturated solution of pure yellow precipitate of potash; it imparts this
color to clean white cotton clothes dipped in it, and these clothes
retain the color after they become dry. The color is the same as that
acquired by Santonin after prolonged exposure to sunlight, [33]. ►
The urine becomes turbid, turbid even when
first voided, and symptoms of vesical and nephritic
irritation become quite clear. There is frequent and painful desire to
void urine, and the discharges are scanty. There is regular dysury. Much
the same state of things exist as happens in irritation from cantharides
or from spirits of turpentine, and hæmaturia often ensues, [33a]. [120.]
► He found the presence of Santonin
in the urine might be detected by the alkali test, in periods varying
from ten to fifty minutes after it had been taken, and that it was
eliminated in from thirty to fifty hours. The color of the urine was in
all cases greenish-yellow, sometimes approaching a light-saffron tint,
the greenish hue best seen by looking obliquely across the surface of
the fluid; it resembled the urine of a person slightly jaundiced, and
like it, stained linen of a persistent light-yellow; in two other
respects also it curiously conformed to bilious urine: when nitric acid
was dropped on a small quantity, a distinct purplish color was brought
out, which, however, was evanescent; again, when sulphuric acid was
added drop by drop, it developed a reddish-brown color, changing to a
deeper brown; no such effect was produced upon the urine when not under
the influence of Santonin; the sulphuric acid reaction was less
ambiguous than the nitric acid, which might affect the coloring matter
of normal urine somewhat similarly. On the addition of an alkali to the
urine, a fine cherry-red or crimson color will immediately be developed,
according to the amount of Santonin present; the urine will respond to
potash, soda, or ammonia, and also to lime or baryta water; if a globule
of potassium be dropped on the urine, a bright-red track is left
wherever the burning metal skims along the surface; at first ammonia was
employed, and the color is well brought out by pouring a few drops of
liquor ammonia down the side of the test-tube, so as to float on the
urine, when a red zone will appear sharply marked at the line of
junction of the two liquids; but potash was afterwards found to be a
more delicate reagent, and is better suited to general uses; the red
alkaline fluid is not bleached or altered by boiling, but the color is
at once destroyed by any acid, even carbonic acid gas; the subsequent
addition of alkali restores the color as before; hence it may be
inferred that the coloring substance is not impaired or broken up by
acids. Bicarbonate of sodium produced no immediate change, but on
boiling for some time, the reddish tint was gradually developed, and was
discharged by continued boiling; carbonate of sodium afforded similar
results, except that it required longer boiling before the color was
discharged; phosphate of sodium gave no results. The red-colored stratum
soon subsides to the lower part of the test-tube carried down by the
precipitated phosphates; prolonged exposure to light in contact with
excess of alkali, beaches out the color and chlorine at once dissipates
it. Considering the sparing solubility of Santonin, one part requiring
5000 parts of water, at 17,5° C., the dilicacy of the test will be
apparent when it is stated that Santonin was detected in the urine
within ten minutes after 4 grains were taken, and within an hour after
but 1 grain was taken; in one experiment, the urine voided twenty-four
hours after the dose gave a decided red color with liq. potassa, even
when diluted with three parts of water. For ordinary doses of 3 to 6
grains, about two days are required for elimination, and it is to be
remarked that the urinary coloration and reaction to the alkali test are
more persistent than the phenomena connected with vision. When the red
liquid is examined with the spectroscope, the red, orange, and yellow
rays are transmitted, while the blue end of the spectrum is absorbed; in
a more dilute state, the red and blue rays are transmitted, and the
centre of the spectrum is stopped; no characteristic absorption-hands
are produced. In order to determine the nature of the coloring material
found in the urine, and to ascertain its behavior with reagents as an
aid towards its isolation, the following process was adopted at the
suggestion of Dr. Emerson Reynolds: About a pint of urine, passed after
taking 4 grains of Santonin the preceding evening, was treated with
neutral acetate of lead, avoiding excess, and then filtered; to the
filtrate, neutralized with potash, basic acetate of lead was added so
long as any precipitate was formed, and until the fluid became
colorless; neutralized, filtered, and washed; the yellow precipitate was
transferred to a beaker, and decomposed by the cautious addition of
dilute sulphuric acid; spirit of wine was added, and the beaker set
aside for twenty-four hours; filtered; removed excess of sulphuric acid
by barytic water, and filtered; the clear fluid now gave the pink
reaction distinctly with potash, but ammonia had no longer any effect;
the coloring matter, therefore, was evidently set free, but the quantity
at command was too small to admit of a more minute examination; the red
alkaline filtrate gave a bulky precipitate with alum, and when this
precipitate was filtered off, neither the precipitate nor the filtrate
any longer afforded a trace of color with potash. The liberated coloring
substance does not seem to enter into combination with nitrate of
silver, nor is it visibly affected by corrosive sublimate, sulphocyanide
of potassium, chloride of gold, or bichromate of potassium. With
persalts of iron it gives a permanent rich brown color, [36].
RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
►
Coughed incessantly the whole night from a tickling in the larynx and
windpipe (first night), [30]. ► Respiration rapid, sighing, [3]. ►
Breathing quick and catching (second day), [30]. ►
Rattling respiration, [27].
CHEST.
►
Symptoms of paralysis of the lungs, so that artificial respiration had
to be resorted to in order to save the life of the patient, [42].
PULSE.
►
Pulse quick and feeble (first day); rapid (second day), [44]. ►
Lowering of the pulse (in two cases), [23].
► At 9 P.M., the pulse on the left
side was gone, thready and soft in right radial artery (second day), [30].
EXTREMITIES.
[130.]
► Spasms of the extremities, [12]. ►
Twitching of the hands and feet, [3].
SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES.
► Convulsive jerking of the upper
extremities, [27].
INFERIOR EXTREMITIES.
► Gait unsteady and tottering, [8]. ►
Staggered, when walking, [28].
GENERALITIES.
►
Most violent convulsions, with loss of consciousness; head hot, face
flushed, purplish, [27]. ► Violent convulsions (after a quarter of
an hour), [20]. ► Violent spasm, beginning in the face and
extending to the extremities, affecting respiration; apparently the
third to the seventh nerves were the seat of the irritation; pupils
dilated, [42]. ► Convulsions (after eight hours), [44]. ►
General convulsions, with loss of consciousness, with staring eyes, with
red, hot face, dilated pupils (the right more dilated than the left),
insensible to light; pulse rapid, weak, and irregular; extremities in
constant convulsive movement, so also the muscles of the face, [28]. [140.]
► After midnight severe convulsions
set in, more like tetanus, throwing the head back, eyes rolling about,
countenance distorted, body sometimes nearly curved, with legs turned
back; in the interval grasping at everything, gnawing of fingers; she
thus had four convulsive attacks, and died about 2 A.M. (second night), [30]. ►
Without any previous warning sudden clonic convulsive spasms set in,
commencing at the left angle of the mouth, and thence spreading over the
left side of the face; these were succeeded by similar spasms in the
right arm, beginning in the fingers (after ten hours); a quarter of an
hour after, a tonic spasm invaded the left side of the face and left
arm, then rapidly disappeared, leaving a fibrillary twitching of the
muscles of the left angle of the mouth and left eyelid, which soon
afterwards ceased quite suddenly; two more convulsive attacks occurred
on the same evening, and in one the respiratory movements threatened to
come to a standstill, although the heart was beating quite strongly, and
the pulse was normal. Two or three similar fits occurred daily at
intervals for the next four or five days, after which the child was as
well as before, [43]. ► Convulsive movements of the limbs and of
the muscles of the face, [19]. ► In about five days the child was
partially paralyzed on one side, the hand assuming the appearance of
induration of the cellular tissue of the hand of an infant; the whole
side presenting a blue appearance, which increased till death closed the
scene, [44]. ►
Collapsed state (next morning), [30].
► As soon as she lay down, the child
got restless (first night); threw herself about with her whole body from
one side to the other (second day), [30].
► Great restlessness, [19]. ► Great
prostration, [12]. ► Lassitude, prostration (in nine cases), [23]. ►
Great weakness, [13]. [150.] ►
Weakness (second day), [31]. ► Weariness, [31].
► Abnormal feeling and pains in the
head (in eight cases), [33].
SKIN.
►
Skin blue, [44]. ► Urticaria (like that produced by Bals,
copaiva) with œdema of the skin of the nose, lips, and eyelids, [41]. ►
Severe rash, described as urticaria, covering the greater part of the
body, accompanied the vomiting (after one dose); almost directly after
the second dose, a white wheal appeared on the nose, surrounded by a red
erythematous blush, and a similar eruption rapidly covered the body, the
swelling attained such a height that within a quarter of an hour the
child’s face was disfigured to such an extent as to make her almost
unrecognizable; the lips, from which some viscid saliva was still
issuing, were swollen to an enormous size, glistening from the
œdematous distension; the nose, at other times a delicate feature in a
sweat little face, was a negro’s; and the eyes were almost closed by the
same condition of the lids. I at once placed the child in a warm bath,
which soothed her; and within an hour the œdema and rash had for the
most part disappeared, [38].
SLEEP.
►
Sleepy, tired, [3]. ► Sleep restless, [3]. ► Sleep
was generally disturbed, and I usually woke unrefreshed, with sickness,
frontal headache, and deficient appetite (after 5 grains), [40].
FEVER.
►
Chilliness. ► Whole body
icy cold, [3]. [160.] ►
The whole body became cold, the lips and ears blue, the face as white as
snow, [3]. ►
Extremities rather cold (next morning); in spite of assiduous hot
applications the icy-clammy coldness crept steadily upwards (second
day), [30]. ►
Cold feet, [3]. ► Heat. ►
Violent fever, with very rapid pulse, burning heat of the skin, face
puffy, eyes red, brilliant, fixed, [19].
► Fever, all the afternoon (first
day), [44]. ►
Hot head, [20]. ► Heat about the head, increased every
afternoon and evening, [44]. ► Sweat. ►
Cold sweats, [12]. ► Hot perspiration on the occiput, more
clammy in front (second day), [30].
SUPPLEMENT: SANTONINUM.
Addition by Berridge, in a letter to the editor.
“In your Encyclopedia you quote Hubbard’s recent
case of poisoning by Santonin. As
the side was not specified, I send
the following from Hubbard.”“It was the left
side that was affected, and the left
cheek that was red, and was equally red all the time. The swelling
commenced nearly under the centre of the chin, spreading each way, but
more particularly towards the left
parotid gland.” (See 44, in Vol. VIII.)
Authorities.
45,
Binz, Rundschan, May, 1876 (New Eng. Med. Gaz., vol. xi, p. 513), a
child, aged two years, took 1 1/2 grains; 46,
C. Cuthbert, M.D., Lancet, 1877 (1), p. 337, a girl, aged eighteen
years, took 4 grains, for worms.►
In twenty or thirty minutes after
taking the medicine she was seized with giddiness, intense headache, and
every object appeared to her of a bright-green color, [46]. [170.] ► Great interference with the breathing, [45]. ►
Violent convulsions, beginning in the face and extending to the
extremities, [45].® 2000
Article