JABORANDI.
Pilocarpus pinnatus.
Natural order
, Rutaceæ.
Common names
, (Brazilian), Iaborandi,
Jaborandi, or Jamborandi. Note: This
plant is used by the South American Indians as the special antidote to
the bite of serpents of the Trigonocephalus group.
Preparation
, Tincture of the leaves.
Authorities.
1,
Prof. Gubler and M. Coutinho, effects of infusions of about 50 grains,
of the powdered leaf in about 6 ounces of water, taken cold (or hot),
Journ. de Thérap., 1874, No. 5; 2,
same, effects on the urine; 3,
Albert Robin, Journ. de Thérap., 1874 and 1875, experiment with 6
grammes of powdered leaf; 4, same,
general effects observed in ninety cases, healthy and sick; 5, same, effect on vision (in a patient with
acute bronchitis, and in one convalescent from acute alcoholism); 6, same, sphygmographic tracings 1 to 5 in a
healthy individual; 7, same, effect
of an infusion of 5 grammes of leaves, in a laboring man; 8, same, effects on pulse and temperature, in
healthy persons; 8a, same, effects of 5 grammes in a very
susceptible subject; 9, same,
effects of 20 c.c. of elixir in a healthy subject, aged 19, tracings 6
and 7; 10, Ringer, Pharm. Journ.,
Nov. 1874, effects in two boys, about 11 years old, of an infusion of
1/2 drachm; 11, Ringer and Gould,
Practitioner, 13, 389, four experiments on three healthy boys; 12, Martindale, from Ringer, Phil. Med.
Times, 1875, effects on self of a “full dose;” 12a,
same, effect of extract applied to eye, in thirty instances; 13, Martindale, Pharm. Journ., 1875, effects
on self of an infusion of 60 grains of leaf in 5 ounces of water; Note: Symptoms do not coincide with No. 12; 14,
Dr. Bisset Smith, Brit. Med. Journ., 1875, p. 174, a healthy boy, aged
17, took infusion of 6 grammes; 15,
F. V. Green, M.D., Phil. Med. Times, Oct. 1875, effects of 1 drachm of
fluid extract, in a patient suffering from syphilitic rheumatism, dose
repeated after five days; 16, same,
repeated doses in another syphilitic patient; 17,
same, a patient with orchitis and incipient bronchial trouble, with
largely dilated pupils, took 1 fluid drachm of extract; Note: The pain entirely ceased and cough
disappeared next morning; 18,
William Craig, Edin. Med. Journ., Jan., 1876, effects of an infusion of
1 drachm; 19, Strumpf, general
effects of infusion in a large number of cases, Br. and F. Med.-Chir.
Rev., 1876, from Deutsch Archiv.; 20,
Lewi, Hirschel’s Zeit. f. Hom., 20, p. 97, general effects; 21, Dr. W. L. Watkins, Amer. Obs., 13, p.
348, provings 5th and 4th dec. dil., five days, no effect, 3d dil. on
sixth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, fifteenth days, 2d dil. on nineteenth,
twenty-fourth, thirty-sixth days, 1st dil. thirty-seventh day, tincture
10 drops, forty-fourth and forty-fifth days; 22,
Dr. W. Irving Thayer, of Brooklyn, MS. proving sent to the editor of
this work (for day-books see Trans. N. Y. State Hom. Med. Soc., N. S.,
vol. iii), took 1st cent. dil., six doses of 10 to 20 drops each, first
day; 1st dec. dil., five doses, 10 to 60 drops each, second day; six
doses of 1/5th dil. third day; tincture, five doses of 5 to 10 drops
each, fourth day; four doses, 15 to 40 drops each, fifth day; four
doses, 30 to 80 drops each, seventh day; three doses, 75 to 100 drops
each, ninth day; three doses, 15 to 25 drops each, twelfth day.
MIND.
►
Confusion of mind, [20]. ► Disinclination to speak (in one case), [10].
HEAD.
►
Vertigo. ► A little
vertigo (after fifteen minutes), [7].
► In rare instances, there is slight
vertigo, but this was observed in only two cases, [4]. ► General
Head. ► Head feels empty
(after one hour and a quarter), [7].
► Uneasiness in the head (after five
minutes), [13]. ► Slight uneasiness in the head, which
during the forenoon increased to a pain in the occiput, then extending
to the forehead; this disappeared late in the afternoon (after one hour,
sixth day), [21]. ► Headache (after three hours and a half), [13]; (thirteenth day), [22]. ► Some
headache (after one hour and ten minutes), [7]. [10.] ► Headache came on towards dinner-time
(noon), but did not affect my appetite (fifteenth day), [21]. ►
Headache had disappeared in the morning, but came on again during the
day, and lasted until I went to bed (sixteenth day), [21]. ►
Headache almost every day just about noon, for over two weeks after
taking, [21]. ► Headache and suffocative feeling
(forty-fourth day), [21]. ► Headache, dull pain, mostly on the left
side, during the soreness of throat (twelfth day), [21]. ►
Headache returned about noon; dull aching pain same as before, hurried
breathing, pressure on the chest, and great anxiety, with palpitation of
the heart, with pain in region of heart. These symptoms lasted five
days, becoming less severe each day (twenty-fourth day), [21]. ► Forehead.
► Front and top of head have a dull
throbbing ache, at 7.30 P.M. (twelfth day), [22]. ►
Suddenly a headache, throbbing pains in the forehead and top of the
head; next came pains in chest and around the heart; pain in forehead
became less, but increased in severity in the chest and about the heart
(forty-fifth day), [21]. ► Occiput. ►
Pain in the lower part of occiput (fifteenth day), [21]. ► Aching
pain in the lower part of the occiput, which increased in severity for
two hours, when it gradually passed off (after one hour, seventh day), [21]. [20.]
► Dull pain on the left side of the
head in the occiput, during the evening (eleventh day), [21]. ► Dull
pain in lower part of occiput, extending over left side of head to the
forehead. Great weakness, palpitation of the heart; pains in chest of a
stitching character. These symptoms lasted all day. The weakness lasted
for three days (after two hours, thirty-seventh day), [21]. ► Heavy
dull pain in the lower part of the occiput, worse on the left side
(after two hours, nineteenth day), [21].
EYE.
►
Objective. ► This morning,
also yesterday morning, noticed bright-red spot upon cornea of right eye
near the iris. In both eyes a vascular appearance, as from cold or
overwork (fifth day), [22]. ► After waking, found the cornea injected
with blood and quite red, at 5.30 P.M. (seventh and ninth days), [22]. ►
Lids. ► Eyelids stiff and
heavy, very heavy (thirteenth day), [22].
► Lachrymal Apparatus. ► Augmentation of the lachrymal secretion
(after ten minutes), [17]. ► Some lachrymation (after twenty minutes),
[9]; (after fifty minutes), [7]. ►
Ball. ► Eyeballs begin to
feel very sore when he rolls them, at 7.30 P.M. (twelfth day), [22]. ►
Pupil. ► Pupils slightly
dilated, [13]. [30.] ►
Contraction of pupil (nineteen cases), [12a].
► Pupil contracted (after fifty
minutes), [7]. ► Pupils slightly contracted (after one
hour); additional contraction of pupils (after two hours and a half), [16]. ►
Action of pupil rendered sluggish (eleven cases), [12a]. ► Vision.
► Disturbance of vision, [20]. ►
When the perspiration and flow of saliva were at their height sight
became so dim that he could scarcely see a spittoon held near his mouth
(after half an hour). Slight still dim; cannot distinguish objects
brought close to his eyes (after one hour). Vision suddenly restored,
quite spontaneously (after two hours), [5].
► Slight became blurred; at the
distance of four feet I could see my wife, but could not distinguish her
eyes; the impaired vision continued, but it was only at a distance; near
objects I could see distinctly enough (after three-quarters of an hour),
[13]. ►
Mist before his eyes (after forty minutes); he could not see anything on
the other side of the ward, a distance of about twenty-five feet, but he
could see any one standing by the side of his bed distinctly; the pupils
were not altered from their normal condition (after one hour and ten
minutes); no derangement of vision (after one hour and forty minutes), [14]. ►
Clouds before the vision, [20]. ► Everything at a distance appeared hazy,
and although he could read moderate-sized type at one foot, at two feet
it was indistinct (similar disturbance of vision was noticed in several
other cases), [12]. [40.] ►
Swimming of distant objects, so that the patient does not recognize one
entering the room until he comes close to the bed, [20]. ► During
the sweating and salivation, appearance as of numerous white spots
before the eyes like flakes of snow, but without dimness of vision
(after twenty-eight minutes). A sort of mist before the eyes; in spite
of wiping the eyes and frequent winking, the sight remained dim and the
appearance of snowflakes continued (after thirty minutes). Sight
restored suddenly; no mist, but still some white points moving before
the eyes (after forty minutes). Dimness or sight returns, with annoying
pricking in the eyes, obliging him to wipe them hard (after fifty
minutes). The state of the vision is constantly changing, becoming
suddenly more or less dim every few moments (after one hour), [5].
NOSE.
►
Nasal discharge begins (after thirty-five minutes), [7].
FACE.
►
Slight increase of color (after half an hour, ninth day), [22]. ►
Redness and heat of face; feels throbbing of temporal arteries, and
increased warmth in the face, but skin still dry (after fifteen
minutes), [3]. ► Face and body very red (after
twenty-eight minutes), [7]. ► Flushing of the face (after ten minutes),
[17]; (after half an hour), [16]; (after thirty-five minutes), [15]. ►
Flushing of the face, ears, and neck (after half an hour); flush of face
had passed off (after one hour and three-quarters), [15]. ► In
those instances in which sweating took place the face became flushed,
and was most marked when the perspiration was greatest; the flush
involved the cheek and the ears, but soon passed away and was succeeded
by pallor, [11]. ► Face covered with suffused flush (one
case), [10]. [50.] ►
Slight paleness, as the action of the medicine began to decline, [16].
MOUTH.
►
Tongue. ► Tongue covered
with a light fur (took China, at 10
A.M.) (thirteenth day), [22]. ► General Mouth. ►
Great dryness of the mouth (after twelve and twenty-four hours), [20]. ►
Heat in mouth (after fifteen minutes), [7].
► Saliva. ► Secretion of saliva began to increase
(after five minutes), [13]. ► Secretion of saliva above the normal (in
one case); very profuse (in second case), [10].
► Secretion of saliva began to
increase (after five minutes); the saliva for a time required almost
constant ejection; the secretion of this from the glans in the cheeks
caused a kind of collapsed feeling in them; saliva distinctly alkaline,
measured 16 ounces in addition to that which flowed on the pillow while
I slept, [13]. ► Profuse secretion of saliva, [20]. ►
Salivation sets in (after fifteen minutes), [9]. ►
Salivation commences (after twenty minutes), and in a few minutes after,
the mouth is literally flowing with water; this continues for four or
five hours, and during that period from 10 to 16 ounces of fluid may be
easily collected, [18]. [60.] ►
Commencement of salivation (after fifteen minutes); increased salivation
(after twenty minutes); salivation has been diminishing for ten minutes
(after one hour and fifty-five minutes); no salivation (after three
hours and five minutes), [8a]. ► Salivation begins (after fifteen
minutes); flow of saliva decidedly set in (after twenty minutes);
salivation at its height; spits fifteen times a minutes (after
thirty-five minutes); salivation less (after one hour and a quarter);
still some salivation (after one hour and fifty-five minutes), [7]. ►
Free salivation, with profuse sweating (after three-quarters of an
hour), [1]. ►
Profuse salivation (after ten minutes), [17].
► Salivation profuse (after
thirty-five minutes, and one hour and a half); action of salivary glands
still continuing (after three hours and a half); total amount of saliva
of 13 fluid ounces, [15]. ► Salivation and perspiration continued to
be profuse until my sight became blurred, [13].
► There was some salivation in all
the experiments, and in two cases it was profuse; but in the lad on
whom, two observations were made the effect on the salivary glands was
very slight. The salivation was much more profuse in the lad whose skin
remained dry. The salivation when it occurred to a marked extent, began
simultaneously with the sweating, was greatest when the sweating was
most profuse, and lasted as long as the sweating. When the increase of
the saliva was but slight, it was difficult to tell when the increase
began, or how long it lasted. In the case of the lad who failed to
perspire, the salivation became profuse in fifteen minutes, and so
continued during three hours and a quarter, and then in a less degree
for seven hours, [11]. ► Flow of saliva (after ten minutes), [3]. ►
Saliva collecting in the mouth (after half an hour); saliva 3 fluid
ounces (after one hour); increased to 6 fluid ounces (after one hour and
a half); amounts to 8 fluid ounces (after two hours); 10 ounces (after
two hours and a half); saliva 12 fluid ounces (after three hours);
thirteen fluid ounces (after three hours and a half); 14 fluid ounces
(after four hours); salivation had ceased (after four hours and a half),
[16]. ►
Mouth began to fill with saliva (soon after half an hour); salivation
quite abundant (after one hour and a half); very free (after two hours);
much diminished (after two hours and a half); saliva 12 ounces, [15]. [70.]
► Complained that his mouth was
filling with water (after forty minutes); salivation continued (after
one hour and ten minutes); no salivation (after one hour and forty
minutes), [14]. ► The quantity of saliva amounted to above
250 c.c., [20]. ► Constant spitting of very alkaline saliva
(after twenty-five minutes). Salivary secretion extremely active;
submaxillary gland especially enlarged; on pressing it there is a gush
of saliva under the tongue (after thirty-five minutes). On rising, felt
weak; skin still moist, with some flow of saliva. Sat with forehead
resting on edge of table, and let saliva run into a vessel on the floor.
Remained in this position, the saliva flowing constantly, for an hour
and a half (after two hours and five minutes). Tried to sleep, but had
to clear the mouth of saliva every two or three minutes (after four
hours and five minutes). Flow of saliva entirely ceased (after four
hours and thirty-five minutes). Total amount of saliva, 750 cubic
centimetres, stringy, but not very viscid, [3]. ► Urea in
notable quantity found in the saliva, [2].
► Taste. ►
Mawkish bitter taste (to the infusion), [13].
► Speech. ► Speech so affected that articulation was
both difficult and indistinct, [13].
THROAT.
►
Dryness of back of throat (after fifty minutes), [3]. ► During
the forenoon my throat felt dry and inflamed; everything swallowed
caused a scraping sensation; in the afternoon the inflammation
increased; the tonsils were slightly swollen and the jaws a little
stiff; this soreness lasted for two days (seventh day), [21]. ► Quite
a sore throat, smarting pain; headache, dull pain, mostly on the left
side; breathing hurried; the sore throat and headache lasted all day and
evening till I went to bed (twelfth day); the next morning the headache
had gone, but my throat felt so sore that for a time I seriously feared
an attack of diphtheria; it gradually wore off, however, during the day,
and the next day I was quite well, [21].
► External Throat. ► Moderate swelling of the submaxillary
glands (after twelve and twenty-four hours), [20]. [80.] ► Pain in the submaxillary glands (second
day), [20].
STOMACH.
►
Appetite. ► When I took
the drug I felt quite hungry, but soon after taking it the hunger left
me, and on sitting down to breakfast I could not eat; about two hours
afterwards became very hungry (fifteenth day), [21]. ► Thirst.
► Urgent thirst (after three hours
and thirty-five minutes), [3]. ► Eructation and Hiccough. ► Eructations and vomiting, [20]. ►
Hiccough, [20]. ► Nausea and Vomiting. ► Felt squeamish, although I was able to
attend to business (second day), [13].
► Sickness (in both cases), [10]. ►
Sickness of the stomach (after three hours and a half), [15]. ► Was
sick and vomited a quantity of saliva which I had swallowed (after one
hour and a half); putting my finger into my mouth vomiting was further
excited, until a portion of the Jaborandi returned, [13]. ► They
were a little sick, faint, and prostrate, [11].
[90.] ►
Vomited half an hour after eating supper, [16].
► In some cases vomiting is produced,
either at the beginning or end of the effect, [4]. ► The lad
who failed to perspire vomited; the vomiting came on suddenly and was
not repeated, [11]. ► Stomach. ►
Distress at the stomach (which may be owing to the alcohol in the
tincture, more than to the Jaborandi); it is a burning pain, not that
dyspeptic ache experienced yesterday (fifth day), [22]. ►
Considerable distress, both in the stomach and lower half of œsophagus,
especially the latter feels constricted, aching heavily (took Puls. 1st,
at 3 P.M., which completely controlled the dyspeptic distress),
(thirteenth day), [22]. ► Dull, heavy distress in the pyloric
portion of the stomach, as though some hard indigestible substance was
lying there, relieved by eating a full meal, at dinner-time (fourth
day), [22]. ►
Constrictive feeling in the stomach, as though the rugæ were puckered
up (probably owing to the alcohol of the tincture, as it was taken
clear), (seventh day), [22].
ABDOMEN.
►
Empty, gone feeling in the bowels (twelfth day), [22].
STOOL.
►
Diarrhœa. ► Stool at 6.30
A.M., very loose, came with a gush; stool at 7.30 A.M., stool at 8 A.M.,
all thin, watery, yellow, and came with a gush; at 9.30 A.M., another
stool; at 10.30 A.M., another; at 11.30 A.M., another; at 1 P.M., the
eighth stool; has felt a goneness, an emptiness, from the diarrhœa, but
no pain whatever; at 3.25 P.M., another stool, which came with a gush,
yellow, watery, undigested, no pains; at 5.25, stool like the last; at 6
P.M., stool; felt a little weak at night, having had eleven copious,
watery, undigested stools since 7 A.M. (twelfth day), [22]. ►
Continues to have from five to ten stools a day, of a yellow color, and
watery, painless. (Took two small doses of Gummi
gutt., 3d trit., which cured the diarrhœa), (sixteenth day),
[22]. [100.]
► Five painless stools during the
day, yellow, thin, watery, better digested (fourteenth day), [22]. ►
Three stools during the day (his usual number); the last one, at 8.30
P.M., somewhat harder, constipated (second day), [22]. ► Two
stools during the day (eighth day), [22].
► Two movements during the day, more
papescent (seventh day), [22]. ► Two stools only during the day, the first
at 7 A.M., more papescent than three days before; the second at 9 A.M.,
thin and yellow (tenth day), [22].
► Stool at 7 A.M., papescent and very
large (ninth day), [22]. ► Stool thin, better digested, with more
control over sphincter ani, at 9 P.M. (twelfth day), [22]. ► Stool
yellow, better digested, but came with a gush, at 2 P.M. (thirteenth
day), [22]. ►
Bowels moved at 7.30 A.M., with this difference, the discharges were
less papescent than heretofore; the first portion of the evacuation was
5/8 of an inch in diameter and about 5 inches in length; the latter
portion was papescent, color dark-brown (fourth day), [22]. ►
Constipation. ►
Constipated; two motions in the day instead of three, as usual (fifth
day), [22]. [110.] ►
Stool at 7 A.M., and again at 7 P.M., both exceedingly difficult to
evacuate, consisting of long, large, and very dark fæces (eleventh
day), [22].
URINARY ORGANS.
►
Burning in the urethra in two cases, with urging to urinate, [20]. ►
Secretion of urine increased (750 c.c. during the perspiration), [20]. ►
When administered in fractional doses, Jaborandi does not produce either
perspiration or salivation, but becomes a powerful diuretic, [2]. ►
The quantity of urine diminishes in a very noticeable manner on the day
the remedy is administered, but on the next day there is sometimes a
slight augmentation, sometimes the usual amount, [2]. ► Urine
dark-colored, [20]. ► The urea diminishes on the day the
Jaborandi is given, increases slightly again on the next day, and then
falls to the normal amount, [2]. ► Chlorine and the chlorides, as well as
the uric acid, also undergo the same quantitative changes, and diminish
on the first day only to increase on the second, [2]. ►
Augmentation of the bronchial secretions (after ten minutes), [17]. ►
We noticed an increase of the bronchial secretion, indicated by a loose
cough, only in the lad previously quite free from catarrhal symptoms, on
whom two observations were made, and in whom but a slight increase of
salivary secretion occurred; the bronchial secretion was much more
abundant in the first than in the second observation; indeed, in the
second there was very little cough, [11].
[120.] ►
Hurried breathing (after two hours, nineteenth day), [21]. ►
Breathing hurried, during the soreness of throat (twelfth day), [21].
CHEST.
►
Pains in chest and around the heart (forty-fifth day), [21]. ► Could
not get to sleep for two hours after going to bed, on account of anxious
and oppressed feeling in the chest (eleventh day), [21]. ►
Pressure on chest, and great anxiety, with palpitation of heart, and
pain in region of heart (twenty-fourth day), [21]. ► Sense
of heavy pressure on the chest, hurried beating, and great prostration;
symptoms became so bad that I was obliged to go to bed; for half an hour
after going to bed, could only breathe with great difficulty
(forty-fifth day), [21]. ► Pains in chest, of a stitching character
(after two hours, thirty-seventh day), [21].® 2000
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